mances.-Sparse matrix functions are not implemented on the GPU for TF64 computations. -Automatic dierentiation cannot be used for com-puting the Jacobian matrix (it is designed for scalar output).ConclusionNew AMATERASU modules have been implemented for studying the new THz sounders for middle and upper atmospheric, namely SIW and SMILES-2. e new modules allow us to accelerate the calculations on GPUs, to derive the Zeeman spectra of the molecular and atomic oxygen lines, and to consider the polarization of the radiation. ey are implemented with TensorFlow and can be used together with AMATERASU-v1. e latter provides addi-tional functions for modeling the instrumental eects, computing the inverse problem or interfacing standard continua absorption models (Liebe for the millimeter wavelengths and MT-CKD for the THz/infrared regions). AMATERASU-TF will be improved in the future with more ecient algorithms (e.g., for Jacobian computations or polarized radiative transfer). TensorFlow is also regu-larly updated which should likely bring improvements. An automatic dierentiation method for computing the full Jacobian matrix would be very valuable. Migrating from TF to another framework is also investigated. Further stud-ies about SIW and SMILES-2 will aim for the denition of fast retrieval algorithms. Deep machine-learning techniques will be investigated, and the use of TF or similar tools in AMATERASU make such studies relatively easier. AcknowledgmentsSMILES-2 is led by Prof. Masato Shiotani (Kyoto University). In NICT, the project is led by Satoshi Ochiai (Remote Sensing Group) who is designing the instrument. SIW is led by the Chalmers Technical University (Sweden) team of Prof. Donal Murtagh. We like to thank Franz Schreier (DLR, Germany) for providing the Voigt functions that he implemented in the model GARLIC [14]. We are grateful to Donal Murtagh and Joakim Möller (Molow, Sweden) for their help. 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